Code 13 syllabus units: I structure and function; II microbiology, pathology, parasitology; III clinical and reproduction; IV zoonoses, pharmacology, toxicology, AMR
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Original questions written to this exam's published syllabus and pattern. Not past papers.
1. How many pairs of ribs does the ox normally have?
18
13
14
12
Answer and working
B. 13
The number of rib pairs equals the number of thoracic vertebrae; the ox formula is C7 T13 L6 S5 Cy18-20, so 13 pairs. 18 is the horse, and 14-15 is the pig.
Veterinary Gross Anatomy · Comparative osteology
2. What is the approximate concentration of formaldehyde in 10% neutral buffered formalin?
About 4%
About 1%
About 10%
About 37-40%
Answer and working
A. About 4%
Commercial formalin is a saturated solution of about 37-40% formaldehyde. '10% formalin' means one volume of that stock in nine volumes of buffer, so it contains about 3.7-4% formaldehyde. Answering 10% confuses the dilution of formalin with the concentration of formaldehyde; 37-40% is the undiluted stock; about 1% applies the 1-in-10 dilution to the 10% figure instead of to the stock.
3. Extracellular potassium is 4 mmol/L and intracellular potassium 140 mmol/L. Using the Nernst equation at body temperature (61.5 mV x log10[out/in]), what is the potassium equilibrium potential?
About -61.5 mV
About +95 mV
About -95 mV
About -219 mV
Answer and working
C. About -95 mV
E = 61.5 x log10(4/140) = 61.5 x log10(0.0286) = 61.5 x (-1.544) = -95.0 mV, about -95 mV. The inside is negative because potassium leaks out. +95 mV is a sign slip (in/out inverted); -219 mV comes from using the natural log with the log10 constant; -61.5 mV is the constant alone.
Veterinary Physiology I: Body Fluids, Blood, Circulation, Respiration and Excretion · Cellular basis of physiology
4. Which enzyme starts the activation cascade of pancreatic proteases in the duodenum?
Pepsin from the stomach
Trypsin inhibitor from the pancreas
Enteropeptidase of the brush border
Aminopeptidase of the brush border acting on trypsinogen
Answer and working
C. Enteropeptidase of the brush border
Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen to trypsin, and trypsin then activates chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases and more trypsinogen. Pepsin works in the stomach and is inactivated at duodenal pH; trypsin inhibitor protects the pancreas and does the opposite.
Veterinary Physiology II: Digestion, Muscle, Nerve, Endocrinology, Reproduction, Lactation, Growth and Climate · Digestion in monogastric animals
5. A weak acid buffer has pKa 4.76. What is the pH when the ratio of conjugate base to acid is 10:1?
3.76
4.76
5.76
14.76
Answer and working
C. 5.76
Henderson-Hasselbalch: pH = pKa + log10([A-]/[HA]) = 4.76 + log10(10) = 4.76 + 1 = 5.76. Inverting the ratio gives 3.76; forgetting the log term gives 4.76; adding 10 instead of log10(10) gives 14.76.
Veterinary Biochemistry · Biomolecules and their interactions
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