India · National Testing Agency · pg
CBT, 180 minutes, 100 questions / 400 marks, +4 / -1, English only.
Run by AICTE until 2018 and by NTA since 2019 (bulletin). Innovation & Entrepreneurship was added in 2021 as optional and made mandatory from 2022 at 20 questions (secondary: collegedekho). One of the scores IRMA accepts for shortlisting.
Official source: https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3a381c2c35c9157f6b67fd07d5a200ae1/uploads/2025/10/202510171049586023.pdf
Original questions written to this exam's published syllabus and pattern. Not past papers.
1. An FPO's board has 8 directors. Using the formula for the number of possible two-way communication channels among n people, how many channels exist on the board?
C. 28
Channels = n(n - 1)/2 = 8 x 7 / 2 = 28. 56 forgets to divide by two, so it counts each pair twice (A to B and B to A); 16 doubles the headcount instead; 64 is n squared, which also counts each person paired with themselves.
Business Communication · The communication process and its barriers
2. Which economist defined the entrepreneur as an innovator who carries out 'new combinations' and linked this to 'creative destruction'?
C. Joseph Schumpeter
Schumpeter's Theory of Economic Development (1911; English 1934) made innovation the entrepreneur's defining function. Knight emphasised uncertainty-bearing, Kirzner alertness, and Cantillon risk-bearing through buying at certain and selling at uncertain prices.
Project Management, Appraisal & Agri-Entrepreneurship · Theories of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial competencies
3. A sales letter for a new drip-irrigation kit opens with a question about water bills, describes how the kit works, shows a farmer's saving, and ends with a coupon for a free site visit. It follows the
C. AIDA sequence
AIDA is attention (the opening question), interest (how it works), desire (the saving) and action (the coupon). The 7 Cs are qualities of any message, SQ3R is a reading method and IMRaD is the structure of research papers.
Business Communication · Business letters and e-mail
4. Which legal form gives its owner the simplest set-up but exposes personal assets to all business debts?
A. Sole proprietorship
A sole proprietor and the business are one legal person, so liability is unlimited. Companies, LLPs and producer companies give members limited liability at the cost of more compliance.
Project Management, Appraisal & Agri-Entrepreneurship · Setting up a micro, small or medium enterprise
5. In Fisher and Ury's principled negotiation, a dairy cooperative and a buyer agree to use the published fat-and-solids-not-fat price formula to settle the milk price. This applies the principle of
B. insisting on objective criteria
Using an independent standard such as a published price formula is 'insist on objective criteria'. Separating people from the problem deals with relationships and emotions; inventing options generates alternatives. 'Focus on positions' reverses the actual principle, which is to focus on interests, not positions.
Business Communication · Meetings
These notes are free to read here, with no account.
What the Laisha app adds:
Free for ten days, then a subscription. We would rather write that here than have you find it later.