Veterinarian Licensure Examination · Philippines · PRC Board of Veterinary Medicine (RA 9268)
Original practice questions written to the published syllabus · not past papersTissues and organs at microscopic and ultrastructural level, and how the body develops from gametes to organs. Teratology explains many congenital defects met in practice.
In the exams: ICAR AICE-JRF core group 07; ICAR AIEEA-PG 13 (Anatomy)
How our questions for Veterinarian Licensure Examination spread across the units of Veterinary Histology, Embryology & Developmental Anatomy. Difficulty: 27 easy, 27 medium, 2 hard.
| Systemic histology | 12 | |
| Histological and histochemical techniques | 7 | |
| General histology | 7 | |
| General embryology and developmental anatomy | 7 | |
| Ultrastructure and electron microscopy | 5 | |
| Gametogenesis | 5 | |
| Development of the urogenital organs | 3 | |
| Applied embryology and teratology | 3 | |
| Neuroanatomy | 3 | |
| Endocrine anatomy | 3 | |
| Histoenzymology and immunocytochemistry | 1 |
Choose an answer, then open the working. Each explanation says why the right answer is right and why the others are not.
A 40x objective is used with a 10x eyepiece. What is the total magnification?
C. 400x
Total magnification is objective x eyepiece = 40 x 10 = 400x. Adding the two gives 50x, a common slip; 4,000x is a tenfold error.
Further reading: Mescher, Junqueira's Basic Histology
Which epithelium lines most of the trachea?
D. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
The conducting airway is lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, the mucociliary escalator. It looks layered because nuclei are at different heights, but every cell touches the basement membrane. Stratified squamous epithelium is found in the nasal vestibule and pharynx; transitional epithelium lines the urinary tract.
Further reading: Eurell and Frappier, Dellmann's Textbook of Veterinary Histology
Which domestic mammals have oval (elliptical) red blood cells?
A. Camelids such as camels, llamas and alpacas
Camelids are the only mammals with oval erythrocytes; like other mammalian red cells they lack a nucleus. Birds and reptiles also have oval red cells, but theirs are nucleated. Horse and cat red cells are round discs that form rouleaux; goat red cells are round and very small.
Further reading: Eurell and Frappier, Dellmann's Textbook of Veterinary Histology
A horse with haemorrhagic anaemia is recovering, but no reticulocytes are seen in its blood smear. What is the best interpretation?
B. Horses do not release reticulocytes into the blood, even during regeneration
Unlike dogs and cats, horses retain reticulocytes in the marrow until they mature, so their absence in blood does not rule out regeneration; marrow aspiration or serial red-cell indices are needed to judge the response. Concluding aplasia from the blood smear alone is the classic error.
Further reading: Eurell and Frappier, Dellmann's Textbook of Veterinary Histology
Which structure identifies the thymus in a histological section?
C. Thymic (Hassall's) corpuscles in the medulla
Thymic corpuscles, concentric whorls of epithelial reticular cells in the medulla, are unique to the thymus. Germinal centres are features of lymph nodes, spleen and mucosal lymphoid tissue; periarteriolar sheaths belong to the splenic white pulp; the subcapsular sinus is a lymph node feature.
Further reading: Eurell and Frappier, Dellmann's Textbook of Veterinary Histology
The teat canal (streak canal) of the cow is lined by:
B. Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
The teat canal is lined by keratinised stratified squamous epithelium whose keratin plug, with the surrounding sphincter, is a key barrier against bacteria entering the udder. The teat and gland cisterns above it are lined by a double layer of cuboidal to columnar cells.
Further reading: Eurell and Frappier, Dellmann's Textbook of Veterinary Histology
Which route of inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs is standard for isolating avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses?
C. Allantoic cavity
Influenza and Newcastle disease viruses grow to high titre in the allantoic cavity, and the allantoic fluid is harvested and tested by haemagglutination. The chorioallantoic membrane is used for poxviruses, which produce pocks, and the yolk sac for chlamydiae and rickettsiae.
Further reading: McGeady et al., Veterinary Embryology; Noden and de Lahunta, The Embryology of Domestic Animals
A heifer born co-twin to a bull is infertile, with a short vagina and no palpable cervix. The underlying mechanism is:
D. Placental vascular anastomosis exposes the female twin to male hormones and cells
In the freemartin, the chorioallantoic circulations of the twins fuse early in gestation, so anti-Mullerian hormone and cells from the male reach the female; her gonads and Mullerian derivatives fail to develop and her vagina is short. Her blood shows XX/XY leucocyte chimerism, which is used for diagnosis.
Further reading: Zachary, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease
What are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex, from surface inwards?
C. Molecular, Purkinje cell, granular
The cerebellar cortex has an outer molecular layer, a single row of Purkinje cells, and an inner granular layer packed with granule cells. Pyramidal cells are the output neurons of the cerebral cortex, which has six layers.
Further reading: Eurell and Frappier, Dellmann's Textbook of Veterinary Histology
Along which route does cerebrospinal fluid flow from the lateral ventricles?
A. Interventricular foramina, third ventricle, aqueduct, fourth ventricle, lateral apertures
CSF made mainly by the choroid plexuses flows from the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramina to the third ventricle, through the mesencephalic aqueduct to the fourth ventricle, and out through the lateral apertures into the subarachnoid space, where arachnoid villi absorb it. Obstruction at the narrow aqueduct causes hydrocephalus.
Further reading: de Lahunta, Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology
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