National Veterinary Examination (獣医師国家試験) · Japan · Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), with the Veterinary Affairs Council
Original practice questions written to the published syllabus · not past papersThe general responses of tissue to injury: circulatory disturbances, degeneration and necrosis, inflammation and repair, immunopathology and neoplasia.
In the exams: ICAR AICE-JRF core group 06; ICAR AIEEA-PG 13 (Pathology); PRC 10%; Nepal NLEV 6; China basic paper 20; BCSE 20-23 items; AVE Paper 1 at least 8 (with clinical pathology); SAVC diagnostic pathology 25
Philippines PRC, Nepal NLEV, China National Practising Veterinarian Examination and Korea National Veterinary Examination
Core general pathology definitions weighted heavily in the basic-science paper: circulatory disturbances, degeneration, necrosis, inflammation types, repair and tumour classification, often with poultry and pig examples.
How our questions for National Veterinary Examination spread across the units of General Veterinary Pathology. Difficulty: 15 easy, 39 medium, 9 hard.
| Haemodynamic derangements | 9 | |
| Oncology: benign and malignant tumours | 9 | |
| Degeneration | 7 | |
| Inflammation | 7 | |
| Genetic diseases | 6 | |
| Necrosis and gangrene | 5 | |
| Pathological calcification | 5 | |
| Healing and repair | 4 | |
| Immunopathology | 4 | |
| Disturbances of growth | 4 | |
| Aetiology of disease | 3 |
Choose an answer, then open the working. Each explanation says why the right answer is right and why the others are not.
At necropsy you find a rubbery, shiny intravascular mass that is not attached to the vessel wall, with a dark red lower part and a yellow upper part. It is most likely:
C. A post-mortem clot
Post-mortem clots separate into 'currant jelly' and 'chicken fat' layers because red cells settle before clotting; they are moist, elastic and unattached. Ante-mortem thrombi are dry, friable, attached and may show lines of Zahn.
Further reading: Zachary JF, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 7th ed.
A 20 kg dog loses 540 mL of blood acutely. Taking the canine blood volume as about 90 mL/kg (a teaching value that varies with body condition), what fraction of its blood volume has it lost?
C. About 30 per cent
Blood volume = 20 kg x 90 mL/kg = 1,800 mL; 540 / 1,800 = 0.30, or 30 per cent, enough to produce hypovolaemic shock. Using the feline value of about 60 mL/kg gives 1,200 mL and 45 per cent; dividing 540 mL by body weight in grams (20,000) gives 2.7 per cent, a unit slip; 3 per cent takes the blood volume as 900 mL/kg.
Further reading: Zachary JF, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 7th ed.
A 4-year-old Shar-Pei with a history of recurrent fever and swollen hocks develops proteinuria and azotaemia. The most likely renal lesion is:
A. Familial AA amyloidosis, predominantly in the renal medulla
Shar-Pei dogs have a familial autoinflammatory syndrome with episodic fever and hock swelling that leads to AA amyloid, often mainly medullary. AL amyloid requires a plasma cell tumour, and the history does not suggest pyometra.
Further reading: Zachary JF, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 7th ed.
Jaundice in a sheep with chronic copper poisoning, or a cow with babesiosis, is classified as:
B. Pre-hepatic (haemolytic)
Both conditions destroy red cells faster than the liver can conjugate bilirubin, so unconjugated bilirubin rises. Post-hepatic jaundice follows bile duct obstruction, for example by choleliths or flukes.
Further reading: Zachary JF, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 7th ed.
A 9-year-old horse is anorexic for three days and has mildly yellow sclerae, but liver enzymes and bile acids are normal. The best explanation is:
C. Fasting hyperbilirubinaemia, a normal response in horses
Horses develop a rise in unconjugated bilirubin during anorexia without liver disease. Normal liver enzymes and bile acids argue against hepatic failure or obstruction; neonatal isoerythrolysis affects foals.
Further reading: Zachary JF, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 7th ed.
A necropsy on a cow dead for 18 hours in hot weather shows green-black discolouration of the kidneys and intestinal serosa. This is most likely:
C. Pseudomelanosis, a post-mortem change from iron sulphide
Bacterial hydrogen sulphide combines with iron from haemoglobin after death to form iron sulphide. Ruminants autolyse rapidly in heat. Melanosis is congenital, black and focal, and haemosiderin is golden brown.
Further reading: Zachary JF, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 7th ed.
Sulphur granules with club-shaped colonies surrounded by eosinophilic material (Splendore-Hoeppli reaction) in a hard swelling of the bovine mandible indicate:
D. Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw) caused by Actinomyces bovis
Lumpy jaw is a pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis of the mandible with sulphur granules. Actinobacillus lignieresii also forms granules but typically affects soft tissues such as the tongue; tuberculosis lacks sulphur granules.
Further reading: Maxie MG, Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed.
Acquired myasthenia gravis in dogs is caused by:
B. Autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors of the neuromuscular junction
Antibodies block and destroy acetylcholine receptors, causing fatigable weakness and often megaoesophagus; a thymoma is sometimes associated. Thyroglobulin antibodies mark lymphocytic thyroiditis.
Further reading: Zachary JF, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, 7th ed.
Which of the following is malignant despite its '-oma' ending?
D. Lymphoma
Lymphoma, melanoma (many), mesothelioma and seminoma are exceptions to the rule that '-oma' means benign. Lipoma, fibroma and adenoma are benign.
Further reading: Meuten DJ, Tumors in Domestic Animals, 5th ed.
Enzootic bovine leukosis, with lymphoma in adult cattle, is caused by:
C. Bovine leukaemia virus, a deltaretrovirus
BLV infects B lymphocytes; a minority of infected cattle develop persistent lymphocytosis and a smaller fraction lymphoma. Sporadic calf, thymic and cutaneous forms are not caused by BLV.
Further reading: Maxie MG, Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals, 6th ed.
Ten here, 63 in the app. The Laisha app has every practice question we have written to National Veterinary Examination in this subject, marked as you go, with timed papers, a jump-to-unanswered list and a certificate when you pass at 70 per cent.
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