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ICAR AICE-JRF/SRF Research Methods, Experimental Design & Scientific Communication: practice questions

ICAR AICE-JRF/SRF (PhD): Dairy Chemistry, Dairy Microbiology, Dairy Technology, Dairy Engineering · India · NTA for ICAR

Original practice questions written to the published syllabus · not past papers
10worked here, free
100written to this exam in this subject
10syllabus units

What this subject covers

Designing, analysing and publishing dairy research, and the ethics, IPR and grant writing that a research career needs.

In the exams: ICAR AICE Part A (general) and all dairy subjects; ASRB NET; required in every Indian PG programme (PGS courses)

Where the 100 questions fall

How our questions for ICAR AICE-JRF/SRF spread across the units of Research Methods, Experimental Design & Scientific Communication. Difficulty: 5 easy, 86 medium, 9 hard.

Scientific method and research problem formulation10
Literature search and systematic review10
Completely randomised, block and factorial designs10
Response surface and mixture designs10
Multivariate analysis: PCA and clustering10
Sensory and consumer data analysis10
Writing theses, papers and grant proposals10
Research ethics and data integrity10
Intellectual property: patents and technology transfer10
Laboratory safety and biosafety10

10 practice questions, worked

Choose an answer, then open the working. Each explanation says why the right answer is right and why the others are not.

1 · Scientific method and research problem formulation · medium

The experimental unit is:

  1. Any sample sent to the laboratory, whatever its origin
  2. The total number of measurements
  3. The smallest unit receiving a treatment independently
  4. The statistical software used
Answer and working

C. The smallest unit receiving a treatment independently

Analysis must be based on experimental units, not subsamples.

Further reading: Mead, Gilmour and Mead, Statistical Principles for the Design of Experiments

2 · Response surface and mixture designs · medium

How many design points does a {3, 2} simplex lattice have?

  1. 3
  2. 7
  3. 6
  4. 9
Answer and working

C. 6

(q + m − 1)!/(m!(q − 1)!) = 4!/(2!2!) = 6: three pure components and three 50:50 blends.

Further reading: Cornell, Experiments with Mixtures

3 · Multivariate analysis: PCA and clustering · hard

A permutation test for a PLS-DA model refits the model with:

  1. Twice as many samples
  2. Only the first variable
  3. Randomly shuffled class labels
  4. Standardised loadings
Answer and working

C. Randomly shuffled class labels

If shuffled models discriminate as well, the original separation is not beyond chance.

Further reading: Chemometrics literature

4 · Sensory and consumer data analysis · medium

Check-all-that-apply citation frequencies across products are compared with:

  1. Student's t-test
  2. Cochran's Q test
  3. Friedman's test
  4. Pearson correlation
Answer and working

B. Cochran's Q test

Cochran's Q handles binary repeated responses; correspondence analysis maps them.

Further reading: Næs, Brockhoff and Tomic, Statistics for Sensory and Consumer Science

5 · Writing theses, papers and grant proposals · easy

IMRaD stands for:

  1. Intellectual property, Marketing, Research and Development
  2. Inspection, Monitoring, Review and Decision
  3. Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion
  4. Ideas, Models, Revisions and Data
Answer and working

C. Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion

The standard structure of research papers.

Further reading: Scientific writing guides

6 · Writing theses, papers and grant proposals · medium

In double-blind peer review:

  1. Both authors and reviewers are anonymous
  2. Reviewers know authors but not vice versa
  3. All identities are published
  4. No reviewers are used
Answer and working

A. Both authors and reviewers are anonymous

Single-blind hides reviewers only; open review reveals identities.

Further reading: Publishing ethics guides

7 · Research ethics and data integrity · medium

The 3Rs of animal research are:

  1. Replacement, reduction, refinement
  2. Randomisation, replication, reporting
  3. Review, revise, resubmit
  4. Rules, rights, responsibilities
Answer and working

A. Replacement, reduction, refinement

Russell and Burch, 1959.

Further reading: Russell and Burch, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique

8 · Research ethics and data integrity · medium

Informed consent in human research requires that participants:

  1. Sign the form without being told the purpose of the research
  2. Understand the study and be free to withdraw
  3. Be paid a fixed fee
  4. Be trained assessors
Answer and working

B. Understand the study and be free to withdraw

Voluntary consent with clear information and the right to withdraw.

Further reading: Declaration of Helsinki

9 · Intellectual property: patents and technology transfer · hard

An exclusive licence differs from a non-exclusive licence in that it:

  1. Any company may use the invention under the same licence
  2. Sole rights in a field or territory
  3. Transfers ownership of the patent
  4. Is free of royalties
Answer and working

B. Sole rights in a field or territory

Exclusivity may be needed to justify a licensee's investment.

Further reading: Technology transfer practice

10 · Laboratory safety and biosafety · medium

Diethyl ether used in fat extraction must be handled away from ignition sources mainly because it is:

  1. Strongly radioactive
  2. Non-volatile
  3. An oxidising acid
  4. Highly flammable and volatile
Answer and working

D. Highly flammable and volatile

Its vapour forms flammable mixtures; peroxides can form on storage.

Further reading: Laboratory safety guidance

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Read the subject

Research Methods, Experimental Design & Scientific CommunicationThe full study manual, free ICAR AICE-JRF/SRFFormat, sections and how it has changed

More ICAR AICE-JRF/SRF practice

Rheology & Texture of Dairy FoodsFermentation Technology & Dairy BiotechnologyInstrumentation, Process Control & AutomationAdvanced Dairy MicrobiologyAdvanced Dairy Technology & Product DevelopmentAdvanced Dairy EngineeringAdvanced Dairy ChemistryStarter Cultures & Lactic Acid BacteriaDairy Pathogens, Toxins & Microbial RiskQuality Assurance, Statistical Quality Control & Laboratory ManagementDairy Analysis & Instrumental MethodsMicrobiology of Raw & Market MilkChemistry of Dairy ProductsMilk Proteins & EnzymesMicrobiology of Dairy ProductsMembrane Processing & Dairy IngredientsLactose, Milk Salts & VitaminsProbiotics, Prebiotics & Functional Dairy FoodsMicrobiological Quality Assurance & Rapid MethodsDairy Effluent Treatment & Environmental ManagementMilk LipidsEmerging & Non-thermal Dairy ProcessingDairy Plant Utilities & Energy ManagementFermented Milks Technology

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