ICAR AIEEA-PG Dairy Industry & Milk Production Systems: practice questions

1 · Smallholder, pasture-based and confinement dairy systems · medium

What is the main consequence for processors of seasonal calving in a pasture-based milk shed?

1. Plants sized for the spring peak run below capacity for part of the year
2. Plants make only fresh liquid milk all year, which keeps processing simple and cheap
3. Plants need no storage capacity because supply is level
4. Plants must import milk every spring to meet a peak in demand

2 · Smallholder, pasture-based and confinement dairy systems · medium

Compared with milk from cows fed conserved forage and concentrates, milk from grazing cows tends to have:

1. More casein but no conjugated linoleic acid
2. More saturated fatty acids and no carotene
3. Less fat and a much higher lactose content
4. More unsaturated fatty acids and beta-carotene

3 · History of dairy science and the dairy plant · medium

Why were the Babcock and Gerber tests so important for the dairy industry?

1. They allowed buffalo and cow milk to be told apart by colour at the farm gate
2. They allowed bacterial counts to be read within one minute
3. They allowed milk to be sterilised on the farm without heat
4. They allowed milk to be paid for by fat content, rewarding quality

4 · History of dairy science and the dairy plant · medium

Where did factory cheesemaking, pooling milk from several farms into one plant, begin in the mid-nineteenth century?

1. Jutland, Denmark
2. New York State
3. Gujarat, western India
4. Normandy, France

5 · Dairy cooperatives: models from Europe, Oceania, the Americas, Africa and Asia · medium

How was Operation Flood initially financed?

1. By a compulsory levy on every litre of milk sold by private dairies to city consumers
2. By compulsory share purchases from urban milk consumers
3. By selling donated dairy commodities supplied through the World Food Programme
4. By foreign direct investment from multinational dairy companies

6 · Private, cooperative and multinational dairy processors · medium

Why do many consumers in parts of South Asia and Africa still buy raw milk from informal traders?

1. It has always been tested for residues before sale
2. It is legally required to carry a full nutrition and allergen label
3. It keeps for weeks without boiling or cooling
4. It is cheaper, fresh, delivered to the door and boiled at home

7 · Clean milk production on the farm · hard

What is the Codex-based lactoperoxidase treatment of raw milk, and what is its limit?

1. Adding sodium chloride and acid curdles milk; it replaces chilling for cheese
2. Adding hydrogen peroxide at a high dose sterilises the milk, so it can replace pasteurisation
3. Thiocyanate and a peroxide source delay spoilage for hours; cooling is still needed
4. Adding lactoperoxidase enzyme from plants stops mastitis; it replaces hygiene

8 · Raw milk transport and chilling · medium

Which bacteria grow during prolonged cold storage of raw milk and cause problems later?

1. Thermophiles such as Streptococcus thermophilus, which acidify milk
2. Psychrotrophs such as Pseudomonas, which make heat-stable proteases and lipases
3. Anaerobic spore-formers such as Clostridium tyrobutyricum, which gas and split hard cheese
4. Mesophilic lactococci, which curdle milk within an hour

9 · Raw milk transport and chilling · medium

How do ice-bank refrigeration systems at chilling centres reduce the size of refrigeration plant needed?

1. They avoid mechanical refrigeration entirely by using cold river water
2. They heat the milk first so it cools faster later
3. They freeze the milk solid and thaw it at the plant
4. They build ice off-peak and melt it to meet the milking-time peak

10 · International dairy trade: commodities, prices and the Global Dairy Trade auction · easy

Roughly what share of the world's milk is traded internationally, in milk-equivalent terms?

1. About a third
2. About a half
3. Under a tenth
4. Almost all