ICAR AIEEA-PG (Master's admission and PG scholarship) · India · National Testing Agency for ICAR
Original practice questions written to the published syllabus · not past papersHow new knowledge reaches farmers: extension principles, models and history, teaching and communication methods, diffusion and adoption, ICT, training, gender and evaluation.
In the exams: agricultural master's entrance examinations, extension (heavy); agricultural extension PhD entrance and fellowship examinations (heavy); agricultural development bank officer recruitment, agricultural extension (present); agricultural scientist eligibility tests, extension (heavy)
ICAR AIEEA-PG Group 06 Social Sciences (Agricultural Extension Education, Units IV-V)
Definitions and their authors; principles and philosophy of extension; chronology of Indian programmes (Gurgaon, Sriniketan, Marthandam, Etawah, Nilokheri, CDP, NES, IADP, IAAP, HYVP, IRDP, Lab-to-Land, KVK, T&V, ATMA); communication models and their authors; Rogers' diffusion elements, attributes, stages and adopter percentages; classification of teaching methods and aids; Dale's cone.
How our questions for ICAR AIEEA-PG spread across the units of Agricultural Extension Management & Communication. Difficulty: 29 easy, 31 medium, 1 hard.
| Diffusion and adoption of innovations and adopter categories | 12 | |
| History of extension in the USA, Japan and India | 6 | |
| Early community development and intensive agricultural district programmes | 6 | |
| Communication models and barriers | 6 | |
| Concepts, principles and philosophy of extension | 5 | |
| Extension models: training and visit, farmer field schools, pluralistic, market-led and public-private extension | 5 | |
| Extension teaching methods and audio-visual aids | 5 | |
| Programme planning and evaluation | 5 | |
| Gender mainstreaming | 4 | |
| Capacity development and training | 3 | |
| Cyber-extension and ICT | 2 | |
| Monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment: Bennett's hierarchy and the logframe | 2 |
Choose an answer, then open the working. Each explanation says why the right answer is right and why the others are not.
The philosophy of extension is most often summarised by which phrase?
D. Helping people to help themselves
The philosophy of extension is 'helping people to help themselves': it is educational, works with people rather than for them, and aims at self-reliance. Delivering services or maximising output may be results of some programmes but are not the philosophy.
The Marthandam rural development project in Travancore was associated with which organisation?
B. The YMCA, under Dr Spencer Hatch
Marthandam (1921) was a YMCA project led by Spencer Hatch, promoting self-help, bee-keeping, poultry and cottage industries. Mayer led Etawah, Brayne Gurgaon and Krishnamachari the Baroda programme of 1932.
'Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect' is the model of:
C. Harold Lasswell
Lasswell's 1948 formula defines control, content, media, audience and effect analysis. Berlo proposed SMCR, Schramm the field-of-experience model, and Aristotle speaker-speech-audience.
The SMCR model of communication was proposed by:
B. David Berlo
Berlo (1960) proposed Source-Message-Channel-Receiver. Shannon (with Weaver) proposed the mathematical model with noise, Lasswell the verbal 'who says what' formula, and Rogers the diffusion framework.
The concept of 'noise' was introduced into communication theory by the model of:
A. Shannon and Weaver
Shannon and Weaver's 1949 mathematical model has a noise source acting on the channel. Katz and Lazarsfeld developed the two-step flow, Westley and MacLean added the gatekeeper, and Rogers and Kincaid proposed the convergence model.
Which adopter category has the highest degree of opinion leadership in most social systems, according to Rogers?
A. Early adopters
Early adopters are respected, well integrated in the local system and have the most opinion leadership, so change agents use them. Innovators are venturesome and cosmopolite but often seen as deviant locally.
The recommended nitrogen dose for a crop is 120 kg/ha, and sample farmers apply an average of 78 kg/ha. What is the technological gap for this practice?
B. 35 per cent
Technological gap = (recommended − adopted) / recommended × 100 = (120 − 78) / 120 × 100 = 35 per cent. 65 per cent is the adoption level; 53.8 per cent divides by the adopted dose; 42 is the gap in kg/ha, not a percentage.
Arrange the steps of extension programme development in order: (1) identification of problems; (2) collection of facts; (3) determination of objectives; (4) analysis of the situation.
C. 2, 4, 1, 3
The cycle runs: collect facts, analyse the situation, identify problems, determine objectives, then plan of work, execution, evaluation and reconsideration.
Kirkpatrick's four levels of training evaluation, in order, are:
D. Reaction, learning, behaviour, results
Donald Kirkpatrick's levels are reaction, learning, behaviour and results, each harder to measure than the last. Inputs to outcomes is a results chain; knowledge to confirmation is Rogers' process.
The shift from 'women in development' (WID) to 'gender and development' (GAD) meant a move from:
C. Adding women to projects to analysing and changing gender relations
WID added women to development, often as welfare recipients; GAD analyses relations between women and men and seeks to change unequal power. The other options reverse or misstate the shift.
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