National Licensure Examination for Veterinarians (NLEV) · Nepal · Nepal Veterinary Council (NVC Act 2055 BS)
Original practice questions written to the published syllabus · not past papersAntibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anthelmintic, ectoparasiticide and anticancer drugs, and the prudent use that slows antimicrobial resistance.
In the exams: ICAR AIEEA-PG 13 Unit IV (drug resistance); ICAR AICE-JRF core group 07; EAEVE Day One prescribing competences
How our questions for National Licensure Examination for Veterinarians spread across the units of Veterinary Chemotherapy & Antimicrobial Stewardship. Difficulty: 24 easy, 2 medium, 0 hard.
| Anthelmintics | 4 | |
| Antifungal drugs | 3 | |
| Sulphonamides | 2 | |
| Beta-lactam antibiotics | 2 | |
| Aminoglycosides | 2 | |
| Tetracyclines | 2 | |
| Macrolides | 2 | |
| Fluoroquinolones | 2 | |
| Antiprotozoal drugs | 2 | |
| Ectoparasiticides | 2 | |
| Mechanisms and problems of drug resistance | 1 | |
| Prudent use of antimicrobials | 1 | |
| Critically important antimicrobials | 1 |
Choose an answer, then open the working. Each explanation says why the right answer is right and why the others are not.
Why is a Mycoplasma pneumonia not treated with amoxicillin?
A. Mycoplasma has no cell wall for beta-lactams to act on
Lacking peptidoglycan, Mycoplasma is intrinsically resistant to all beta-lactams. Macrolides, tetracyclines, pleuromutilins or fluoroquinolones are used instead.
Further reading: Giguère, Prescott & Dowling, Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, 5th ed.
Tetracyclines inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by
A. blocking aminoacyl-tRNA binding at the 30S acceptor site
Tetracyclines stop aminoacyl-tRNA reaching the A site of the 30S subunit and are bacteriostatic. mRNA misreading is the aminoglycoside mechanism; the exit tunnel is the macrolide site; peptidyl transferase is the amphenicol and pleuromutilin site.
Further reading: Riviere & Papich, Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 10th ed.
In Gram-negative bacteria the primary target of fluoroquinolones is
C. DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase
Fluoroquinolones inhibit DNA gyrase, mainly in Gram-negatives, and topoisomerase IV, mainly in Gram-positives.
Further reading: Riviere & Papich, Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 10th ed.
Enrofloxacin is partly metabolised in most species to which active compound?
C. Ciprofloxacin
De-ethylation of enrofloxacin produces ciprofloxacin, which adds to antibacterial activity.
Further reading: Riviere & Papich, Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 10th ed.
Azole antifungals act by inhibiting
D. lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase in ergosterol synthesis
Azoles block the cytochrome P450 enzyme lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase. Squalene epoxidase is the terbinafine target, glucan synthase the echinocandin target and microtubules the griseofulvin target.
Further reading: Riviere & Papich, Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 10th ed.
Several horses die with myocardial necrosis after being fed a cattle ration. Which feed additive is the most likely cause?
C. Monensin
Ionophores such as monensin are extremely toxic to horses, causing cardiac and skeletal muscle necrosis.
Further reading: Riviere & Papich, Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 10th ed.
A 400 kg steer is to receive injectable 1% ivermectin at 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously (a regimen used here for the arithmetic — confirm against the product label and your national formulary). What volume is required?
C. 8 mL
Dose = 0.2 mg/kg x 400 kg = 80 mg. A 1% solution contains 10 mg/mL, so 80 / 10 = 8 mL. 80 mL confuses mg with mL; 20 mL treats the solution as 0.4%; 0.8 mL treats 1% as 100 mg/mL.
Further reading: Calculation
Transfer of a resistance plasmid from one bacterium to another through direct cell-to-cell contact is called
B. conjugation
Conjugation transfers plasmids through direct contact. Transduction uses bacteriophages; transformation is uptake of free DNA; transposition is movement of a transposon within or between DNA molecules in one cell.
Further reading: Giguère, Prescott & Dowling, Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, 5th ed.
Ten here, 26 in the app. The Laisha app has every practice question we have written to National Licensure Examination for Veterinarians in this subject, marked as you go, with timed papers, a jump-to-unanswered list and a certificate when you pass at 70 per cent.
Free for ten days, then one subscription of US$10 a month. We would rather say so here than have you find it later.
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