National Licensure Examination for Veterinarians (NLEV) · Nepal · Nepal Veterinary Council (NVC Act 2055 BS)
Original practice questions written to the published syllabus · not past papersHow blood, heart, lungs and kidneys keep the internal environment stable in mammals and birds. Acid-base and fluid balance here underpin fluid therapy in the clinic.
In the exams: ICAR AICE-JRF core group 08; ICAR AIEEA-PG 14 (Physiology); PRC 10%; Nepal NLEV 6; China basic paper 13; AVE Paper 1 at least 5
How our questions for National Licensure Examination for Veterinarians spread across the units of Veterinary Physiology I: Body Fluids, Blood, Circulation, Respiration and Excretion. Difficulty: 19 easy, 17 medium, 0 hard.
| Blood composition and function | 4 | |
| Control of respiration | 4 | |
| Gas exchange and transport | 4 | |
| Renal function | 4 | |
| Body fluids | 3 | |
| High-altitude physiology | 3 | |
| Osmoregulation | 3 | |
| Acid-base balance | 3 | |
| Cellular basis of physiology | 2 | |
| Haemostasis and coagulation | 2 | |
| Cardiac cycle | 2 | |
| Control of the cardiovascular system | 2 |
Choose an answer, then open the working. Each explanation says why the right answer is right and why the others are not.
In birds, the granulocyte that performs the role of the mammalian neutrophil is the:
A. Heterophil
Avian heterophils contain rod-shaped eosinophilic granules and are the main phagocytes in acute inflammation. Thrombocytes are nucleated cells that take the place of platelets.
Further reading: Scanes CG (ed), Sturkie's Avian Physiology, 6th ed.
A dog ate an anticoagulant rodenticide 48 hours ago and shows no bleeding yet. Which test is expected to prolong first?
C. Prothrombin time (PT)
The rodenticide blocks vitamin K recycling, and factor VII, measured by the PT, has the shortest half-life, so PT lengthens first; aPTT follows as IX, X and II fall. Bleeding time and platelet count test primary haemostasis, which is not affected.
Further reading: DiBartola SP (ed), Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice, 4th ed.
An inherited deficiency of coagulation factor XI is recognised in which breed of cattle?
B. Holstein
Factor XI deficiency is a recognised inherited defect in Holstein cattle and can cause prolonged bleeding after surgery or injection. It prolongs the aPTT.
Further reading: Constable PD et al., Veterinary Medicine, 11th ed.
A resting horse has a heart rate of 36 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 900 mL. What is its cardiac output?
A. 32.4 L/min
CO = HR x SV = 36 x 0.9 L = 32.4 L/min. Leaving SV in mL gives 32,400, a unit slip; 25 comes from dividing SV by HR; 3.24 comes from converting 900 mL to 0.09 L instead of 0.9 L.
Further reading: Reece WO et al. (eds), Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals, 13th ed.
The first heart sound is produced mainly by:
A. Closure of AV valves
S1 marks the start of ventricular systole when the mitral and tricuspid valves close. S2 is semilunar valve closure, S3 rapid filling and S4 atrial contraction. AV stands for atrioventricular.
Further reading: Reece WO et al. (eds), Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals, 13th ed.
Cyanide poisoning produces which type of hypoxia?
C. Histotoxic hypoxia
Cyanide blocks cytochrome oxidase, so cells cannot use the oxygen delivered; venous blood stays bright red because oxygen is not extracted. Arterial PO2 and content are normal.
Further reading: Reece WO et al. (eds), Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals, 13th ed.
Which statement about the avian kidney is correct?
B. Most nephrons lack a loop of Henle, and urine is modified further in the cloaca and colon
Birds have mainly reptilian-type loopless nephrons, excrete uric acid, have no bladder and can concentrate urine only to about twice plasma osmolality; urine refluxes into the coprodeum and colon for water reabsorption.
Further reading: Scanes CG (ed), Sturkie's Avian Physiology, 6th ed.
Thirsty calves that drink large volumes of water very quickly may develop red urine. This is due to:
B. Intravascular haemolysis as plasma osmolality falls rapidly after excess water intake
Rapid absorption of a large water load lowers plasma osmolality; red cells swell and lyse, causing haemoglobinuria, and brain oedema may follow. Access to water should be restored gradually after deprivation.
Further reading: Constable PD et al., Veterinary Medicine, 11th ed.
Ten here, 36 in the app. The Laisha app has every practice question we have written to National Licensure Examination for Veterinarians in this subject, marked as you go, with timed papers, a jump-to-unanswered list and a certificate when you pass at 70 per cent.
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