National Licensure Examination for Veterinarians (NLEV) · Nepal · Nepal Veterinary Council (NVC Act 2055 BS)
Original practice questions written to the published syllabus · not past papersFractures and their fixation, joint, tendon and ligament disease, lameness examination in horses and cattle, hoof and claw disorders, diagnostic nerve blocks and rehabilitation.
In the exams: ICAR AIEEA-PG 13 (Surgery & Radiology); NAVLE equine 14.7% and bovine 13.3% species weighting
How our questions for National Licensure Examination for Veterinarians spread across the units of Veterinary Orthopaedics & Lameness. Difficulty: 22 easy, 12 medium, 0 hard.
| Fractures | 6 | |
| Fracture fixation | 5 | |
| Joint diseases | 5 | |
| Tendon and ligament injuries | 5 | |
| Equine lameness examination | 3 | |
| Diagnostic nerve blocks | 3 | |
| Hoof and claw disorders | 3 | |
| Bovine lameness examination | 2 | |
| Physiotherapy and rehabilitation | 2 |
Choose an answer, then open the working. Each explanation says why the right answer is right and why the others are not.
In the Salter-Harris classification, a fracture that runs through the physis and exits through a small corner of the metaphysis is which type?
B. Type II
Type II crosses the physis and leaves through a metaphyseal corner and is the commonest type. Type I stays entirely within the physis, type III enters the epiphysis and joint, and type V is a crush of the physis.
Which Salter-Harris fracture is usually recognised only weeks later, when premature physeal closure produces limb shortening or angular deformity?
D. Type V, a compression injury that crushes the germinal layer of the physis
The type V crush injury is often invisible on the first radiograph and is diagnosed when growth stops. Types I, II and IV show displacement or fracture lines on the initial films.
The correct sequence of indirect (secondary) bone healing is:
C. Inflammation, soft callus, hard callus, remodelling
Indirect healing begins with the haematoma and inflammation, then fibrocartilaginous soft callus, then woven-bone hard callus, then remodelling to lamellar bone. The other sequences put stages out of order.
A common rule for plate fixation of long-bone fractures in dogs is a minimum of how many cortices engaged by screws in each main fragment?
C. Six cortices (three bicortical screws)
Three bicortical screws, six cortices, in each main fragment is the usual minimum. Fewer gives inadequate purchase; twelve is more than the minimum and lengthens the plate unnecessarily.
A 7-month-old toy-breed dog has progressive hindlimb lameness, and radiographs show collapse and lucency of one femoral head. What is the diagnosis and usual treatment?
D. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease; femoral head and neck excision
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in young small-breed dogs is Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, usually treated by femoral head and neck excision. The other diagnoses do not cause collapse of the femoral head in this signalment.
In the grading of medial patellar luxation, a patella that is permanently luxated but can be replaced manually, after which it luxates again, is grade:
D. III
Grade III is permanently luxated but reducible. Grade I can be luxated but returns on release, grade II luxates with flexion and stays out until replaced, and grade IV is permanently luxated and cannot be reduced.
Which suture patterns are commonly used for tenorrhaphy of a severed tendon in a dog?
A. Locking-loop and three-loop pulley
Locking-loop (modified Kessler) and three-loop pulley patterns grip tendon fibres and resist gap formation. Lembert and Cushing are inverting hollow-viscus patterns, simple continuous and Ford interlocking are skin or general closures, and purse-string and Utrecht are for anus and uterus.
Proximal suspensory desmitis is particularly recognised as a cause of hindlimb lameness in which group of horses?
A. Dressage horses
Hindlimb proximal suspensory desmitis is common in dressage horses, which load the hindlimbs heavily in collected work. The other groups are not characteristically affected.
Which local anaesthetic is favoured by many equine clinicians for diagnostic blocks because it causes less tissue irritation?
D. Mepivacaine
Mepivacaine is widely preferred for diagnostic blocks because of low tissue irritation and reliable action. Procaine with adrenaline, tetracaine and benzocaine are not standard choices for perineural diagnostic anaesthesia.
Which measurement is used to quantify joint range of motion during rehabilitation?
B. Goniometry
A goniometer measures joint angles in flexion and extension. Arthrocentesis samples synovial fluid, scintigraphy images bone turnover and pulse oximetry measures oxygen saturation.
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